Saharan dust over Germany: How desert dust and seasonal influences change our air quality

Saharan dust, a phenomenon in which fine particles from the Sahara are transported to Europe by atmospheric conditions, regularly affects air quality in Germany. These particles consist mainly of quartz, aluminosilicates and iron oxide.

Calima - The Saharan dust phenomenon in the Canary Islands

A well-known example of extreme Saharan dust events is the Calima on the Canary Islands. This is a hot, dry desert wind that brings large amounts of Saharan dust with it. During a calima, temperatures rise sharply while the humidity drops. Obstructed visibility and a massive amount of fine dust are typical consequences. Particularly sensitive people should stay indoors as much as possible during a calima and avoid physical exertion. As a rule, a calima lasts between three and five days, with the intensity being strongest in the first few days and then gradually diminishing. This phenomenon can occur up to ten times a year, especially in the months of December to February, when episodes of suspended dust are at their most intense.

Influence on air quality

Saharan dust often reaches Europe in higher air layers, but under certain weather conditions it can reach ground level and increase the concentration of particulate matter. In regions such as the Black Forest and the Alps, concentrations of up to 150 micrograms per cubic meter have been measured, which is three times the daily average limit for particulates in Germany.

Health effects

Saharan dust is not usually a problem for healthy people. However, sensitive people, such as those with respiratory diseases or allergies, may experience symptoms such as irritated mucous membranes or breathing difficulties. Studies have shown that Saharan dust can trigger inflammatory processes and oxidative stress in cells, with the NLRP3 inflammasome complex playing a role.

Recommendations for risk groups

People with respiratory illnesses or allergies are advised to keep doors and windows closed during heavy episodes of Saharan dust, reduce physical activity outdoors and wear respiratory masks if necessary. Air purifiers with HEPA filters can help to minimize dust exposure indoors.

Seasonal influences on air quality

In addition to Saharan dust, other seasonal factors influence air quality in Germany:

• Pollen count in spring and summer: High pollen concentrations can trigger or aggravate allergies.
  
  
• Heating period in winter: The increased use of heating increases particulates and nitrogen dioxide levels in the air.
  
  
• Agricultural activities in spring: Fertilizers and pesticides can affect air quality.
  
  

It is important to take these seasonal influences into account and take appropriate precautions to protect your health.

What can be done about the health effects of Saharan dust and other seasonal changes?

These seasonal changes show how diverse the factors influencing air quality are. It is therefore advisable to monitor indoor air in order to identify any effects on health and take effective measures to keep the air clean. The following measures can be taken to minimize the effects of Saharan dust and other seasonal influences on air quality in German homes:

• Regular ventilation to renew the indoor air and reduce the concentration of particles.
• Air analysis using an air measuring device such as air-Q.
• Use of air filters or air purification devices to reduce indoor particle pollution.
• Regular cleaning of surfaces to minimize dust ingress.

Sensitive people should take extra precautions during periods of increased Saharan dust, such as closing windows and using air filters. In this case, a constant air analysis is advisable. If the measuring device shows an increase in particulate matter particles and sends out a warning, you can react and close the windows. This is how you reduce the load.